A clay model of a horse which was to be used as part of the design was completed by Leonardo in 1492 — but the statue was never built. Francesco Sforza with his second wife Bianca Maria Visconti had: Italian condottiero, founder of the Sforza dynasty, For other people named Francesco Sforza, see, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_I_Sforza&oldid=971240431, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. It was the first time that such a title was handed over by a lay institution. That did not come to the Sforza Dukes until 1494, when Emperor Maximilian formally invested Francesco's son, Ludovico, as Duke of Milan. Francesco's successor Ludovico commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to design an equestrian statue as part of a monument to Francesco I Sforza. The illegitimate son of a mercenary commander, Muzio Attendolo Sforza, Francesco grew up at the court of Ferrara and accompanied his father to Naples, where Muzio entered the employ of King Ladislas. After the peace, Sforza renounced part of the conquests in eastern Lombardy obtained by his condottieri Bartolomeo Colleoni, Ludovico Gonzaga, and Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona after 1451. The Sforza — Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. Entering the service of Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, Sforza fought alternately for and against him in the succeeding 20 years. He was succeeded as duke by his son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza. This page was last edited on 4 August 2020, at 23:07. On 25 October 1441, in Cremona, he could finally marry Bianca Maria as part of the agreements that ended the war between Milan and Venice. Sforza Maria (18 August 1451 — 29 July 1479), Duke of Bari from 1464 to 1479. Francesco then took over the command, defeating and fatally wounding Braccio near L’Aquila, northeast of Rome. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He also aimed to conquer Genoa, then an Angevin possession; when a revolt broke out there in 1461, he had Spinetta Campofregoso elected as Doge, as his puppet. …Maria’s son-in-law, the powerful condottiere, Francesco (duke 1450–66) provided his subjects not only relative peace and patronage of humanism and the arts but also the disadvantages of tyrannical rule. In 1462, rumours spread that he was dead and a riot exploded in Milan. Subsequently, on February 26, 1450, he made his triumphant entry into the city as duke of … Premium Membership is now 50% off! In 1440, his fiefs in the Kingdom of Naples were occupied by King Alfonso I, and, to recover the situation, Sforza reconciled himself with Filippo Visconti. His successor, the cruel and lustful Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466–76), was assassinated in a conspiracy of three young men who combined…. With the help of Venice, Sforza was again victorious and, in exchange for abandoning the Venetians, received the title of capitano generale (commander-in-chief) of the Duchy of Milan's armies. Sforza suffered from hydropsy and gout. ← previous next → Pages: 1 2 last Sforza was the first European ruler to follow a foreign policy based on the concept of the balance of power, and the first native Italian ruler to conduct extensive diplomacy outside the peninsula to counter the power of threatening states such as France. Though Sforza was primarily a warrior, he and his children became known as patrons of the arts and enriched Milan architecturally. While the other Italian states gradually recognized Sforza as the legitimate Duke of Milan, he was never able to obtain official investiture from the Holy Roman Emperor. Sforza entered the city as Duke on 26 February. He created an efficient system of taxation that generated enormous revenues for the government, his court became a center of Renaissance learning and culture, and the people of Milan grew to love him. The following year Venice, Naples, Savoy, and Montferrat joined forces against Sforza, who turned to Cosimo de’ Medici and concluded a Milan–Florence alliance that brought about the Peace of Lodi (1454) and permitted him to consolidate his rule over Milan. In 1449 Milan concluded peace with Venice behind Sforza’s back, whereupon he blockaded the city, starving it into insurrection. In 1418, he married Polissena Ruffo, a Calabrese noblewoman. How did Francesco Sforza become the duke of Milan? Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After the death of his father during the War of L'Aquila, he participated in the Braccio da Montone's final defeat in that campaign; he fought subsequently for the Neapolitan army and then for Pope Martin V and the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. As King Alfonso of Naples was among the signatories of the treaty, Sforza also abandoned his long support of the Angevin pretenders to Naples. After the Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, died without a male heir in 1447, fighting broke out to restore the so-called Ambrosian Republic. Antonio Menniti Ippolito, Francesco I Sforza, duca di Milano, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, L, Roma 1998, pp. Elisabetta Maria (10 June 1456 — 1473), wife of. Francesco I Sforza ruled Milan, having acquired the title of Duke of Milan (1450–1466) after marrying in 1441 the natural daughter and only heir of the last Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, Bianca Maria (1425–1468), making the Sforzas the heirs of the house of Visconti. used efficient tax system for a great government What were the effects of Sforza's rule? He was the brother of Alessandro, whom he often fought alongside. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Francesco later served in Muzio’s company until 1424, when his father drowned in battle against an old rival, the condottiere Braccio da Montone. [2] He spent his childhood in Tricarico (in the modern Basilicata), the marquisate of which he was granted in 1412 by King Ladislaus of Naples. During Sforza's reign, Florence was under the command of Cosimo de' Medici and the two rulers became close friends. He later proved himself to be an expert tactician and very skilled field commander. [5] The name Ambrosian Republic takes its name from St. Ambrose, the patron saint of Milan. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francesco-Sforza-duke-of-Milan-1401-1466. Sforza later found himself warring against Francesco Piccinino (whom he defeated at the Battle of Montolmo in 1444) and, later, the alliance of Visconti, Eugene IV, and Malatesta, who had allegedly murdered Polissena. The allegiance of mercenary leaders was dependent, of course, on pay; in 1433-1435, Sforza led the Milanese attack on the Papal States, but when he conquered Ancona, in the Marche, he changed sides, obtaining the title of vicar of the city directly from Pope Eugene IV. He regained his status after leading an expedition against Lucca. Two years later he inflicted an even more crushing defeat on the Milanese at Anghiari, near Florence. He built it with difficulty, but held in with ease. Under his rule (which was moderate and skillful), Sforza modernised the city and duchy. [1] Despite these moves, the wary Filippo Maria never ceased to be distrustful of Sforza. From 1419, he fought alongside his father, soon gaining fame for being able to bend metal bars with his bare hands. A three-cornered struggle then ensued among the Milanese republic, Venice, and Sforza. In 1999 the horse alone was cast from Leonardo's original designs in bronze and placed in Milan outside the racetrack of Ippodromo del Galoppo.

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