[10] A.s. coutellii winters at lower altitudes near its breeding areas and also in the Arabian Peninsula and northeast Africa. There are three recognised subspecies of the water pipit: A possible fourth race from the northwestern Caucasus, Anthus spinoletta caucasicus, cannot be reliably separated from A.s. coutellii. [1], Breeding densities (in pairs per ten ha) have been recorded as 2.4 in the Jura Mountains, 3.0–3.6 in the Alps and 4.5 in the Tatra Mountains of Poland. The latter form is itself a potential new species, based on genetic data, appearance and a characteristic flight call. The male has a display flight in which he climbs to 10–30 metres (33–98 ft), flies in an arc and glides back down, singing throughout. [11] The flight call of the subspecies A. s. coutellii is shorter and more buzzing than that of the nominate race. It migrates relatively short distances in autumn to lower ground, typically wintering on coastal wetlands, marshes, rice fields and similar habitats. Sides of tail clean white, versus dingy whitish on Rock Pipit, which can occur in same coastal areas in winter. Caucasian Pipit Full article here Water Pipit … It is paler and more heavily streaked above, and in summer plumage the underparts' colour covers a larger area and has a rusty tint. [12] The call of the water pipit is a single or double sharp "dzip" or similar, slightly harsher than soft sip sip sip of the meadow pipit or the shrill pseep of the Eurasian rock pipit. A. s. blakistoni is large, pale and less strongly streaked. [13], The water pipit's song is delivered from a perch or in flight, and consists of four or five blocks, each consisting of about half a dozen repetitions of a different short note. In such locations, pipits are more likely to select snails and similar prey with calcium-rich shells than is the case in limestone terrain. The water pipit is 15–17 centimetres (5.9–6.7 in) long and weighs 18.7–23 grams (0.66–0.81 oz). [4][5], The water pipit was first described by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Alauda spinoletta (characterised as A. rectricibus fuscis : extimis duabus oblique dimidiato-albis). A.s. blakistoni winters in Pakistan, northwest India and southern China. It is warier than its relative and if approached it flies some distance before landing again, whereas the rock pipit typically travels only a short distance, close to the ground, before it alights. Comprehensive life histories for all bird species and families. The female constructs a cup nest from grass and leaves which is lined with finer plant material and animal hairs. Very occasionally, females may moult into what looks like non-breeding plumage, rather than the expected brighter garb. Water pipits construct a cup-like nest on the ground under vegetation or in cliff crevices and lay four to six speckled grey-ish white eggs, which hatch in about two weeks with a further 14–15 days to fledging. Eggs of cuckoos that specialise in parasitising pipits are similar in appearance to those of their hosts. [11] The habitats used by Eurasian rock and water pipits are completely separate in the breeding season, and there is little overlap even when birds are not nesting. The chicks start to gain juvenile plumage as soon as a month after hatching, and most have completed the transition to near-adult appearance by September. In winter, the head is grey-brown, the supercilium is duller, the upperparts are more streaked, and the underparts are white, streaked lightly with brown on the breast and flanks. Call a high, lisping, slightly upslurred "ssiip", very similar to Rock Pipit call. [5] Birds in Spain appear to move only lower down the mountains in which they breed. Birds close to snow fields take insects specialised for that habitat such as the springtails Isotoma saltans (the glacier flea) and I. nivalis, and the scorpion fly Boreus izyemalis. A. s. coutellii is smaller than the nominate subspecies and the white of the outer tail feathers has a hint of grey. The water pipit's song is delivered from a perch or in flight, and consists of four or five blocks, each consisting of about six repetitions of a different short note. Breeds in mountains on barren, often rocky ground; winters in varied wetland habitats, from lakeshores to salt marshes. Nonbreeding plumage grayish brown above, whitish below with dark streaks. [5] Some plant material is taken, and one study on the border of Czechoslovakia and Poland found that 75% of the diet by volume consisted of algae, specifically Ulothrix zonata, despite large numbers of insects being available. Their similar appearances have led to taxonomic problems; the water pipit and the buff-bellied pipit were both formerly considered subspecies of the Eurasian rock pipit. The water pipit (Anthus spinoletta) is a small passerine bird which breeds in the mountains of Southern Europe and the Palearctic eastwards to China. [5], The Eurasian rock pipit's subspecies Anthus petrosus littoralis in summer plumage is particularly close in outward appearance to the water pipit. It is greyish-brown above and pale below with streaks on its breast. [5] In comparison, the Eurasian rock pipit's song is a sequence of about twenty tinkling cheepa notes followed by a rising series of thin gee calls, and finishing with a short trill. Birds of the race A. s. blakistoni in the Tian Shan hatched 90% of their eggs, and hatchlings survived to fledging in 47% of the nests. Young birds resembles the non-breeding adult, but are browner and more streaked above with prominent streaking on the underparts. [1][10], The water pipit is a much less approachable bird as compared to the Eurasian rock pipit. [5] As with other members of its genus, the water pipit is a host of the common cuckoo, a brood parasite. [10], The water pipit is closely related to the Eurasian rock pipit and the meadow pipit,[4] and is rather similar to both in appearance. Fairly common but often local, especially in winter. Water Pipit bird photo call and song/ Anthus spinoletta (Alauda spinoletta) [11], The water pipit is mainly monogamous, although both sexes may deviate from this occasionally. Take Merlin with you in the field! In non-breeding plumage, the head is gre… The adult of the nominate race in spring plumage has greyish-brown upperparts, weakly streaked with darker brown, and pale pink-buff underparts fading to whitish on the lower belly.

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