These limitations of the past left a void in observations of precipitation or evaporation over the ocean that made quantifying the water cycle over the ocean difficult. Evaporation leaves salt behind, thereby increasing salinity; precipitation dilutes the salt content and freshens surface waters. is the shortest, and less that 10 days (as part of your learning about the water cycle, please take a This rate describes the turnover of the atmospheric storage of water and a time scale of global atmospheric water cycling. As global temperature increased considerably over the 20th century, especially since the 1970s, (Jones and Moberg, 2003), it is reasonable to ask whether trends in hydrologic variables and related indicators are consistent with an intensified water cycle during that period. For example, Chahine (1992) evaluated the global water cycle and storages and estimated the global atmospheric residence time (e-folding time) of water to be 10 days. Total precipitation = 496 x 103 4. to help understand any element cycle. followed in the previous lectures on the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and it can be used These higher salinities mean higher seawater densities, so  that the North Atlantic hosts a main sinking site of the meridional overturning circulation. A look at the volumes associated with the components of the water cycle (Figure 3) leads to a better perspective on the relative roles of ocean atmosphere and land. 3. This general approach was The distribution of water at the Earth's surface, showing that critical natural resource issue facing humanity is freshwater. This climate change has been dubbed "Global Warming". The domination of earth’s surface by the oceans is quite clear. changes. surface and groundwater sources, and consumption per As temperature increases, the rate of evaporation (water changing state from a liquid form to a vapor form) increases - think about setting a glass of water out on a table and putting another glass under a heat lamp - which glass would evaporate its water sooner? Earth's average global surface temperature is increasing. Water distributes heat around the globe and thus creates climate, and water is the single most important factor regulating land-plant productivity worldwide. The Fundamental Global Water Cycle. example, the southwestern United States (in all seriousness) has This is because the liquid and vapor states of water are always trying to come to equilibrium, and water will evaporate until the air is saturated with water vapor (cannot hold more) or all the water is gone, whichever comes first. One aspect of concern for the future is how the water cycle will respond to global warming. (B). Globally, the U.S. dominates in terms of the average water use per person, 575 Liters or over 150 gallons per day. after deforestation. One can also see from the curve labeled “Mississippi” that north-south transports of water by rivers are quite small by comparison. Vapor transport (ocean to land) = 40 x 103 km3 / year, 5. The understanding and prediction of local, regional, and global water cycles are very important for understanding and prediction of societal impacts of water, especially water availability for domestic and industrial uses, and agriculture. This illustrates one of the key points There are 4 major pathways of cycling water cycle strongly controls the nutrient cycling due to the transport scales and for the entire globe in the future. only temporary, however, and the likely end result of such land use 5. 1. The water cycle is the path that all water follows as it moves around Earth in different states. the population was 3% of its current size. It is drawn as a north-south section and shows the atmosphere carrying water vapor from evaporation to precipitation regions. The oceans function as a reservoir and buffer in the planetary circulation of water. Of the water that is at the surface of the Earth and 9. 1. A look at the Earth from space reveals a mostly blue planet. nearby states and Canadian provinces have declined such offers. The Global Water Cycle - Pathways and Fluxes (values in 103 However, the fact that we can also have lower lake levels (in the early 1980s) when temperature and evaporation were low, means that another factor must be involved beyond simply the temperature alone increasing evaporation. Only about 0.014% of the Until now we have talked about the intensity or rates of evaporation increasing with temperature, but in our mass balance model we must know the duration of the evaporation as well. rivers and groundwaters from land to oceans. Because the level of water in a lake (or bathtub) is a simple mass balance of inputs (rain, snow, river inlets) and outputs (evaporation and river outlets or withdrawal), we can examine the components of this mass balance in order to determine why lake levels were low. Nutrient cycles are strongly linked to hydrologic cycles as part of the major functioning of ecosystems, it is useful to 4. In 2000 the water levels in the Laurentian Great Lakes were very low, but the precipitation levels were normal that year. And of course the ocean is the primary reservoir for water. of Water, (distribution of Most of the water we experience as rain has come from the ocean, which is the principal source of water for the atmosphere. Water distributes heat around the globe and thus Water can easily change between any of its three states: vapor, liquid and ice. The water cycle contains the largest chemical flux on Earth. Our estimates of the flux of water into and out of the ocean can be integrated over its surface all around the globe. And mankind’s natural focus on its own water supply meant the large oceanic water cycle received little attention. Figure 2, most of the water on Earth is tied-up in rocks and At its most basic, the water cycle is how water continuously moves from the ground to the atmosphere and back again. individual for representative countries. The ocean water residence time is just more than 3,100 years, calculated as follows: Ocean Residence Time, Rt = (1,350 What are the major pathways and controls of water movement on Earth – what processes (e.g., evaporation, precipitation) are important? cycle, and so nutrient export was also increased. The Water Cycle and Global Warming. For 6. of "How will things change?". Global Warming and the Water Cycle. The two curves are largely complementary, showing that it is primarily the oceans that maintain the water balance. Surface runoff (land to ocean) = We thus view it as an especially important climate variable to monitor. It consists of 3 parts and In fact, the oceans cover the majority of the earth and hold 97% of the free (not chemically bound) water on the planet, comprising both the primary source of water evaporated into the atmosphere and the main site of precipitation. 2. This diagram is an oceanographer’s view of the global water cycle. It means that most of the Sun’s energy is absorbed into the ocean. As you can see from the Table and from One aspect of concern for the future is how the water cycle will respond to global warming. Annual values are in units of 10 3 km 3 year-1. Human We estimate that 86% of global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation occurs over the oceans. In addition to this local of a predictive understanding of ecosystems, or of If this integration of components of the water cycle is responsible for Great Lakes water levels, we would expect lower water levels in the years 2000 and 2013 when the ice cover was very short - and that is exactly what we find. individual for representative countries. All materials © the Without those oceanic return flows, regional sea level trends of up to 10 meters per year would develop! At the present mean global surface air temperature of 14 degrees C, the vapor pressure increases about 7% for each one degree increase in temperature.

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