Phenotype of recombination lines are shown in the left of genotype blocks. The optimized germinated foxtail millet flour was nutritionally rich as it produced higher protein (14.32 g/100 g), dietary fiber (27.42 g/100 g), calcium (25.62 mg/kg), iron (54.23 mg/kg), magnesium (107.16 mg/kg), and sodium (69.45 mg/kg) per kg as compared to ungerminated foxtail millet flour [3]. Lines in green means data collected in 2009, lines in red means data collected in 2010, lines in blue means data collected in 2011. (b) Gap was caused by ploy G sequence, Sanger sequencing cannot step over the ploy G. Genomic landscape of the Zhanggu chromosomes (second edition). The candidate gene Z3ph1 in bin2021 showed 89% identity to the known rice gibberellin-synthesis gene sd1 [18] (Figs 5a and 6a), which indicated the plant height in foxtail millet might also be controlled by GA20ox. Gap was filled by the Zhanggu sequence when both flank sequences were matched to the Zhanggu chromosome. Considerable variation exists for various biotic and abiotic stresses, and for quality including important agronomic traits. We identified 3437 recombination bins in the 184 RILs, the physical length of the recombination bins ranging from 20 kb to 12 Mb, given an average length of 121 kb (Table S1). Pearl millet stands out in that it has a proportionally larger germ, about 16.5% of the kernel compared to an average of 9.4% for sorghum (Abdelrahman et al., 1984). The S. italica genome was de novo sequenced in 2012, but the sequence lacked high-density genetic maps with agronomic and yield trait linkages. Compared with other species, the germination period required for foxtail millet during malting is relatively long, which can result in a lack of homogeneity in the finished product. Worldwide more than 46,000 foxtail millet and about 37,000 finger millet germplasm accessions have been preserved and the largest collections of finger and foxtail millets are in India and China, respectively. , Handsaker B, Wysoker Aet al. Reads of all samples were mapped onto Zhanggu initial genome reference (containing nine pseudo chromosomes and unmapped scaffolds) by using SOAP2 [11] (vision 2.20). (a) Gap was caused by low coverage, both flank sequences were matched to the Zhanggu, gap was filled by the lowercase Zhanggu sequence. Foxtail millet is nonglutinous, like buckwheat and quinoa, and is a nonacid-generating food, henceit is considered to be an easily digestible food [12]. is presumed a wild ancestor of foxtail millet, S. italica. Zhanggu was selected as the male parent line and A2, a popular male sterile line that has been used widely for hybrid breeding, was selected as the female parent line. It is an important ancient crop of dry land agriculture, grown since >10,500 years ago in China (Yang et al., 2012). Xuemei Ni and Qiuju Xia are equal contribution, Xuemei Ni, Qiuju Xia, Houbao Zhang, Shu Cheng, Hui Li, Guangyu Fan, Tao Guo, Ping Huang, Haitao Xiang, Qingchun Chen, Ning Li, Hongfeng Zou, Xuemei Cai, Xuejing Lei, Xiaoming Wang, Chengshu Zhou, Zhihai Zhao, Gengyun Zhang, Guohua Du, Wei Cai, Zhiwu Quan, Updated foxtail millet genome assembly and gene mapping of nine key agronomic traits by resequencing a RIL population, GigaScience, Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2017, giw005, https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giw005. , Kellogg EA, Devos KMet al. The main influence factor of hybrid seed purity identification is the false hybrids from the male sterile parent self-cross. Polar lipids in sorghum and millets include phospholipids and glycolipids and the unsaponifiable matter of the lipid fraction contains components such as phytosterols, carotenoids and tocopherols. Foxtail millet grains are about 2 mm in length and the glumes can be white, red, yellow, brown, or black. A10) using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers was previously constructed at the John Innes Centre (11). Beauv.) Chromosome number 2n = 18 Vernacular names Foxtail millet, Italian millet, German millet (En). It is, however, closely related to tetraploid and polyploid species of Setaria (Benabdelmouna et al., 2001). Table 10.4 shows the proximate compositions of sorghum and some millets. , Huang XH, Zhi Het al. No specific permissions were required for the described field studies. Foxtail millet (Korea Kangni) is an annual grass grown for human food. , Jia GQ, Zhi Het al. In foxtail millet, a maximum number of miRNAs was observed in chromosome 1 (145 miRNAs), followed by chromosomes 2, 3, and 4 (50 miRNAs). Gene mapping of the largest effect locus of plant height and five qualitative traits in foxtail millet. The transformation system of foxtail millet is difficult in that gene functional studies are hard to process. Reads of A2 and RILs were mapping to the chromosomes and scaffolds of Yugu [8]. In economically developed countries of the world, foxtail millet is more commonly used as bird feed [16]. Finger millet is notably rich in calcium. It was completely displaced as a crop by the beginning of the twentieth century. All breakpoints were aligned along the Zhanggu initial chromosomes sorted from the upper end to bottom end with 20-kb minimal intervals. D , Xia Q, Zhang Het al. Breeding anti-herbicide lines could solve not only the problems of weed, but also problems of false-hybrid in seed production. Millets act as a potential functional food ingredient and a supplementary protein source to most cereals, due to the high lysine content [13]. Nine agronomic traits were phenotyped in 2010 and 2011, respectively. is an ancient cereal crop that served as a staple food during early civilization in China and is still grown widely across South and East Asia, Europe, and Africa. One locus was identical to the position of the leaf color control gene Z3lc (Fig. Leaf color was observed and recorded as yellow or green 15 days after sowing. The primary gene pool is composed of cultivated foxtail (S. italica) and its putative wild ancestor S. viridis (Harlan and de Wet, 1971). Finger millet has an especially thick testa consisting of five layers with varying degrees of pigmentation from red to purple (McDonough et al., 1986). The pericarp is thin with two characteristic epidermal layers firmly compressed to each other and contains large numbers of starch granules that disappear after maturation. Total tocopherol content in finger and proso millet varieties were higher (3.6–4.0 mg/100 g) than in foxtail and little millet varieties (~1.3 mg/100 g). , Thompson WF. Kurt A. Rosentrater, A.D. Evers, in Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), 2018. J.R.N. Foxtail millet chromosome 9 comprised the maximum number of LINEs (532; 14.5%) and chromosome 2 had the minimum (233; ~5%). Resequencing of the RILs could also provide an effective way for high-quality genome assembly and gene identification. Based on the high-density bin map, we updated Zhanggu reference with 416 Mb after adding 16 Mb unanchored scaffolds and Yugu reference with some assembly error correction and 3158 gaps filled. The trait of heading date is very important in foxtail millet genetic improvement. It has been reported that foxtail millet has many nutritional and medicinal properties and is recommended in ayurvedic and unani products by the practitioners [11]. Sorghum and the millets, pearl millet, foxtail millet, fonio and teff are regarded as true caryopses. About 40% of the total extractable nitrogen is prolamin protein and about 20% can only be extracted with a reducing agent (Danno and Natake, 1980). Sasaki We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Foxtail millet has a promising role to play in enhancing nutritional and functional food security in the western world by improving taste and flavor without losing its biochemical protective effects [16–18]. , Hopf M. Bettinger Little millet belongs to the genus Panicum having a chromosome number of 2n = 36, with basic chromosome number of x = 9. The genome reference sequence and genotype of 184 RILs can be downloaded from the GigaScience GigaDB repository [19]. Data from McDonough and Rooney (1989), McDonough et al. Zohary The corneous (also known as vitreous or horny) and floury endosperm portions contain starch granules and protein bodies embedded in a protein matrix. Among all, chromosome 9 contains the highest number of SiWD40s [45 (20%)], while lesser number genes were distributed on chromosome 8 [8 (,3.5%)] (Figure 1). MSG sequencing and recombination events information. Data from Serna-Saldivar and Rooney (1995). Bristle color (red - green) was controlled by a locus Z3bc mapped onto the short arm of chromosome 4 (bin1436).

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