Anzia includes 34 extant species (Jayalal et al., 2012), which are sometimes termed the black-foam lichens and are included in the Parmeliaceae, the largest family of lichen-forming fungi (Crespo et al., 2007). Anzia electra (Lecanorales), reported from Eocene Baltic amber, is a small heteromerous, lobed thallus characterized by prominent cushions of spongiostratum, a layer of anastomosing hyphae on the lower surface of certain lichens that is not effective in attachment (Rikkinen and Poinar, 2002a). Leafy twigs with attached seed cones from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden have been described as Quasisequoia (Srinivasan and Friis, 1989). Volume 58, Issue 4. preserved in amber. In the winter of 1941 Professor T. Kan of the Department of Forestry of the National Central University journeyed from Hupeh to Szechuan, and saw on the roadside at Mou-tao-chi in Wan Hsien a large deciduous tree that was called by the natives shui-sa, or water fir. However, the Taxodiaceae, if treated separately, is paraphyletic, with the Cupressaceae s.s. nested within it; combining the two results in a larger, monophyletic Cupressaceae s.l. Economic importance includes important timber trees (many taxa having rot- and termite-resistant wood), resin and flavoring plants, and numerous cultivated ornamentals, especially Juniperus (junipers) and Cupressus spp. Citation: Hu, H. H. 1998. The cells of the endodermis, which surrounds the transfusion tissue, are rather thick walled. While there have been relatively few lichens reported from the Mesozoic, many more are known from the Cenozoic. It now survives only in wet lower slopes and montane river and stream valleys in the border region of Hubei and Hunan provinces and Chongqing municipality in south-central China, notably in Lichuan county in Hubei. When grown in the shade gymnosperm needles usually show similar responses to those of angiosperm leaves, being thinner, higher in chlorophyll content, and with reduced stomatal frequency when compared with sun-grown needles. The upper and lower cortex are smooth and the medulla is two-layered, with the outer region constructed of loosely interwoven hyphae and an inner zone of longitudinally oriented agglutinated hyphae. VPD, vapor pressure deficit. (Figure 5.23). These are all the Metasequoia trees found within the boundary of Szechuan province.5 In Chien-nan county of Lichuan Hsien of Hupeh province Mr. Hwa discovered another tree measuring 30 meters (98 feet) in height, 1 meter (3.3 feet) in diameter at breast height; another in Wang-cha-ying measuring 35 meters (115 feet) in height and 2.1 meters (7 feet) in diameter breast high. 6 Li is a traditional Chinese measure of distance; it has been standardized at 500 meters, or 547 yards. Citrus trees generally had lower rates than apple trees, with orange and grapefruit having the highest rates of the citrus trees and lemon the lowest. 19.42). Metasequoia was first discovered at Mou-tao-chi of Wan Hsien in Szechuan province. The seeds are erect or inverted, winged or not, the embryo usually with 2 [-15] cotyledons. Piroconites kuespertii, a microsporophyll from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, has also been suggested to be a gnetophyte based on the occurrence of polyplicate pollen (Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, 1992). Detail of Drewria potomacensis showing seeds (S) and associated bracts from a dichasium (Cretaceous). Fossils assignable to the modern families Caliciaceae (Calicium) and Coniocybaceae (Chaenotheca) have been reported from Baltic amber (Rikkinen, 2003). In many features, the Eocene cones appear remarkably similar to pollen cones of modern M. glyptostroboides, differing only in minor histologic characteristics and pollen morphology. ), FIGURE 19.44. Several cones of Welwitschiostrobus murilii (Cretaceous). Professor Cheng then sent his assistant, Mr. C. Y. Hsieh, to go twice to Mou-tao-chi in February and May 1946, and these trips resulted in the collection of specimens of flowers and young fruits of this water fir, from which Professor Cheng understood the morphology of this tree more clearly. 21.106) was described by Miki (1941) (FIG. The lateral spikes are larger and produce flattened seeds (FIG. Delevoryas.). Michael G. Simpson, in Plant Systematics (Second Edition), 2010, [including Taxodiaceae]—Cypress family (Latin name for C. sempervirens, Italian Cypress). Green and Lange, 1994). Bar=1 cm. FIGURE 21.106. 21.105), the dawn redwood, is a member of this subfamily and is often described as a living fossil. Dawn redwood, (genus Metasequoia), genus of conifers represented by a single living species, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, from central China. In this genus the leaves are arranged in opposite and decussate pairs (FIG. 2.13). In 1944 however, a small stand of unknown trees were documented in the Hubei province of China, and classified as a living member of the genus, Metasequoia glyptostroboides. ), FIGURE 19.42. Upchurch. We discussed the phylogeny of Metasequoia and Sequoia, and the relationship between the families of Metasequoiaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Cupressaceae.3. Bar=90 µm. Bar=3 mm. Other evidence of what is interpreted as a lichen preserved in Baltic amber consists of a multibranched structure that is approximately 2.0 cm wide; individual branches are 1.0 mm in diameter (Garty et al., 1982). Members of the Cupressaceae have a worldwide distribution. (1998), later re-interpreted as Ephedrites chenii (S. Guo and Wu, 2000), and eventually transferred to Liaoxia (Rydin et al., 2006a). ), FIGURE 19.48. (From Crane and Upchurch, 1987. Altitudinally Metasequoia is distributed from 800 to 1,350 meters (2,600 to 4,400 feet).

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