In particular, there is a strong need for improvement in modeling the distribution of precipitation between rain and snow. The net effect of these two opposing effects in winter is close to cancelation, but in some models one influence is larger than the other. Over longer periods and large areas, there seems, however, to be a trend toward wetter conditions, but when smaller regions and shorter time periods are analyzed, different trends are detected. Towards an advanced observation system for the marine Arctic in the framework of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX). On multidecadal to centennial time scales, internal variability is less important and model uncertainty dominates [Hawkins and Sutton, 2011]. Potential of Passive Microwave around 183 GHz for Snowfall Detection in the Arctic. Enhanced MODIS Atmospheric Total Water Vapour Content Trends in Response to Arctic Amplification. Hydroclimatology, modes of climatic variability and stream flow, lake and groundwater level variability. The vertical structure of the lower Arctic troposphere analysed from observations and the ERA‐40 reanalysis, How well do regional climate models reproduce radiation and clouds in the Arctic? The total water content in the atmosphere is approximately 13,000 km3 [Gleick, 1996], of which 200 km3 over the Arctic [Serreze et al., 2006]. The objectives of this paper are (a) to briefly review the role of Arctic atmospheric moisture, clouds, evaporation, and precipitation in the Earth system, (b) to provide an up‐to‐date quantification of the historical and ongoing changes in atmospheric freshwater in the Arctic and their drivers, (c) to evaluate the nature and causes of changes expected during the 21st century, (d) to provide a synthesis of the impacts of the changes, and (e) to identify the knowledge gaps. Role of extratropical cyclones in the recently observed increase in poleward moisture transport into the Arctic Ocean. Under such wind speeds, however, the numbers include a considerable uncertainty due to lack of data. Transitions in Arctic ecosystems: Ecological implications of a changing hydrological regime. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. The moisture holding capacity of air increases exponentially with air temperature according to the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation. However, evaporation exhibits an inconsistent response across models. Arctic Freshwater – A Commons Requires Open Science. With exceptionally low concentration, droplets grow large enough to deposit. The consortium (UArctic, University of Oulu, University of Alaska Anchorage and Finnish Meteorological Institute) will follow how weather patterns across the north and the characteristics of sea ice drive moisture sources and precipitation isotopic patterns in the different regions (e.g. [2016], Instanes et al. A reduced cloud cover results in an increase in solar radiation, which has a strong positive impact on vitamin D status [Andersen et al., 2013] and mental health of people [Grimaldi et al., 2009] but simultaneously increases the occurrence of skin cancer [De Fabo and Noonan, 2002]. The ensemble mean of the CMIP3 models, or simulations by individual models, such as Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) and fifth‐generation European Centre/Hamburg model (ECHAM5), generally captures this long‐term change over the Arctic Ocean in the historical simulations, consistent with the results from an earlier generation of climate models [Kattsov and Walsh, 2002; Holland et al., 2006; Kattsov et al., 2007; Bengtsson et al., 2011]. On the basis of ERA‐40 reanalysis, Jakobson and Vihma [2010] calculated that transient eddies dominate the moisture transport across 70°N, contributing to 80–90% of the total northward transport. There is however, significant model divergence in future cloud cover trends, especially those arising from sea ice loss, and in the wintertime storm track changes. A more recent major effort was the assessment “Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic” (SWIPA), which included a review on recent variations in the Arctic climate [Walsh et al., 2011a]. Properties of Rocks, Computational Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003–2008, Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents, Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records, A diagnostic study of future evaporation changes projected in CMIP5 climate models, Separation of contributions from radiative feedbacks to polar amplification on an aquaplanet, Future changes in atmospheric rivers and their implications for winter flooding in Britain, Touring the atmosphere aboard the A‐Train, A new, high‐resolution surface mass balance map of Antarctica (1979–2010) based on regional atmospheric climate modeling, A review of analytical models of sea‐ice growth, Spatial and temporal variations in hydroclimatic variables affecting streamflow across western Canada, Modeling the Arctic Freshwater System and its integration in the global system: Lessons learned and future challenges, The changing cryosphere: Pan‐Arctic snow trends (1979–2009), The influence of changes in cloud cover on recent surface temperature trends in the Arctic, Arctic cloud macrophysical characteristics from Cloud‐Sat and CALIPSO, Observations and modeling of atmospheric profiles in the Arctic seasonal ice zone, Meteorological observations from ship cruises during summer to the central Arctic: A comparison with reanalysis data, Mesoscale modelling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer and its interaction with sea ice, Arctic Climate Change—The ACSYS Decade and Beyond, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, Humidity measurements in cold and humid environments, Modelling and prevention of ice accretion on wind turbines, Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase of CO, Northern winter climate change: Assessment of uncertainty in CMIP5 projections related to stratosphere‐troposphere coupling, An Arctic CCN‐limited cloud‐aerosol regime, Statistically downscaled projections of snow/rain partitioning for Alaska, An overview of the second generation adjusted daily precipitation dataset for trend analysis in Canada, Characteristics and variability of storm tracks in the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Alaska, Intercomparison of cloud model simulations of Arctic mixed‐phase boundary layer clouds observed during SHEBA/FIRE‐ACE, Resilience of persistent Arctic mixed‐phase clouds, Water, salt and heat balance of the north Polar Sea and of the Norwegian Sea, Long‐term conditions of cloudage over the territory of the Siberian region and its modern changes, Continental heat anomalies and the extreme melting of the Greenland ice surface in 2012 and 1889, Relative contributions of synoptic and low‐frequency eddies to time‐mean atmospheric moisture transport, including the role of atmospheric rivers, Evaluating the distribution of water resources in western Canada using synoptic climatology and selected teleconnections. Hence, we point out the different definitions, when the differences affect the conclusions made. Clouds also control the vertical structure of the lower troposphere. The largest increases have occurred during summer and early autumn. Our knowledge on air moisture, clouds, precipitation, and evaporation in the Arctic is also limited by errors and inaccuracies in modeling of these variables, due to imperfect representation of complex physical processes (e.g., cloud microphysics) and coarse model resolution. Regional linkages are complex. Over land areas, vertical profiles of air moisture are routinely measured at only some 36 radiosonde sounding stations north of 65°N [Nygård et al., 2014]. Sediment geochemical study of hydrocarbon seeps in Isfjorden and Mohnbukta: a comparison between western and eastern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES), Journal of Geophysical Research Another important aspect for hydropower production are the latitudinal differences in changes in net precipitation, the high latitudes becoming more water rich while the more southerly latitudes are becoming more “water poor” [Prowse et al., 2015b]. As the atmosphere warms, it can hold more moisture. [2014] for reviews). When CCN < ~10 cm−3, increasing CCN concentrations lead to a large increase in the longwave surface CRE, but a relatively small effect on solar surface CRE; the latter (the so‐called Twomey effect) becomes important only for CCN > 10 cm−3, as the cloud becomes optically thick and emits as a blackbody. Trends of Vertically Integrated Water Vapor over the Arctic during 1979–2016: Consistent Moistening All Over?. Increases in precipitable water have prevailed also in summer (June‐July‐August, JJA), the main exceptions being decreases in land areas in western Siberia and in parts of the Kara and Barents Seas. Part 1: Winter season, Evaluating the distribution of water resources in western Canada using synoptic climatology and selected teleconnections. Also, specific humidity inversions have a high importance in the Arctic climate system, especially for cloud formation and maintenance, across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales [Nygård et al., 2014].

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